Abbas Bashar T. Sokoto caliphate’s experienced of the repeated breaking of peace accords (Amanah) by states and groups and consequent escalation of crises (wars). The University of Phan Thiet Journal of Science. 2026;4(2):127-140. Accessed June 27, 2026. http://tapchikhoahocupt.vn/index.php/uptjs/article/view/127