Characteristics of Lightning Electric Fields Over Land and Sea Observed in Sarawak, Malaysia
Thanh bên của bài viết
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Many researchers around the world have investigated the lightning electric field characteristics of return strokes occurring over the sea and land. However, such studies are never carried out in East Malaysia, which is surrounded by the South China Sea. Therefore, this paper presents the characteristics of lightning electric fields overland and at sea observed in Sibu, Sarawak. In this measurement, a total of 42 negative cloud-to-ground lightnings (24 from over the land and 18 from over the sea) were considered for further analysis. The samples were collected at distances ranging from 26 to 100 km using a parallel plate antenna. Four parameters of the first return strokes were measured, namely, normal electric field (En), zero crossing time (Tzc), zero-to-peak rise time (Tzp), and 10-90% rise time (T10−90). The lightning that was captured over the sea in Sarawak had an En value that was 2% lower, Tzc that was more than twice longer, Tzp, and T10−90 that were 7% and 23% shorter, respectively, when it was on land. The results obtained in Sarawak (East Malaysia) compared with those from Kuala Perlis (West Malaysia) revealed the attribution of roughness to variations in lightning parameters. It has been observed that when the roughness of the propagation medium increases, En and Tzp decrease. Whereas, T10−90 increases with increasing propagation medium roughness. On the contrary, Tzc is independent of the roughness of the propagation medium due to its strong negative correlation with En. In terms of correlations between lightning parameters and propagation distance, En measured at both sea and land in Sarawak has a negative correlation with propagation distance. Meanwhile, Tzc, Tzp and T10−90 observed from the land show a positive correlation with propagation distance. In contrast, the same three parameters observed from the sea have a negative correlation with propagation distance. In summary, the patterns of lightning characteristics mentioned above are very useful in identifying the origin of the lightning event.
Lượt tải xuống
Chi tiết bài viết
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdul-Malek, Z., Yusof, A. M., Wooi, C.-L., & Sidik, M. A. B. Lightning-Generated Electric Field Over Land and Sea at Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Available at SSRN 4051358.
Cooray, V. (1993). A model for subsequent return strokes. Journal of Electrostatics, 30, 343-354.
Cooray, V., & Lundquist, S. (1985). Characteristics of the radiation fields from lightning in Sri Lanka in the tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 90(D4), 6099-6109.
Diebel, J. (2020). Average Weather. Average Weather Malaysia by WeatherSpark. Retrieved from https://weatherspark.com
Ding, Q. (2019). A mathematical model for reflection of electromagnetic wave. Paper presented at the Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
Fernando, A. G. a. M. (2000). Operative Characteristics Of A Parallel-Plate Antenna To Measure Vertical Electric Field From Lightning Flashes. Uppsala University.
Frost, J. (2020). Guidelines for Removing and Handling Outliers in Data. Statistics By Jim.
Gomes, C., & Cooray, V. (2004). Radiation field pulses associated with the initiation of positive cloud to ground lightning flashes. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 66(12), 1047- 1055.
Hamzah, M., Ab Kadir, M., Gomes, C., Arshad, S., Abdullah, N., & Hatta,N. (2014). Unusually long duration lightning electric field return strokes in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP).
Hidayat, S., & Ishii, M. (2006). Lightning discharges on land and on sea in Indonesia. Paper presented at the 2006 IEEE 8th International Conference on Properties & applications of Dielectric Materials.
Kusim, A. S. (2009). An Electro-magnetic Transient (EMT) Analysis on a 132 KV Rated Cu/XLPE/SCW/MDPE Cable System and Its Related Networks. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Li, D., Azadifar, M., Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Diendorfer, G., Sheshyekani, K., . . . Wang, Z. (2016). Analysis of lightning electromagnetic field propagation in mountainous terrain and its effects on ToA‐ based lightning location systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(2), 895-911.
Lu, G., Cummer, S. A., Blakeslee, R. J., Weiss, S., & Beasley, W. H. (2012). Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D4).
Lukačovič, I. (2019). Andaman Sea, Asia. Weather forecast and live wind map. Retrieved from https://windy.app
Lumen. (2013). Electric Power and Energy. Boundless Physics: Energy Usage.
Nag, A., & Cummins, K. L. (2017). Negative first stroke leader characteristics in cloud‐to‐ground lightning over land and ocean. Geophysical research letters, 44(4), 1973- 1980.
Nag, A., & Cummins, K. L. (2018). Magnetic field risetimes of negative lightning first return strokes overland and ocean. Geophysical research letters, 45(23), 13,133- 113,141.
Paul, C., Heidler, F. H., & Schulz, W. (2019). Current and Electric Field Characteristics of 35 Return Strokes from Negative Lightning Measured at Peissenberg Tower Germany. Paper presented at the The International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering.
Qie, X., Wang, Z., Wang, D., & Liu, M. (2013). Characteristics of positive cloud‐to‐ ground lightning in Da Hinggan Ling forest region at relatively high latitude, northeastern China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(24).
Rakov, V., Borghetti, A., Bouquegneau, C., Chisholm, W., Cooray, V. , Cummins, K.,. . . Ishii, M. (2013). CIGRE technical brochure on lightning parameters for engineering applications. Paper presented at the 2013 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XII SIPDA).
Rakov, V., & Dulzon, A. (1991). A modified transmission line model for lightning return stroke field calculations. Paper presented at the Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat.
Ramlee, N. A., N. A Ahmad, Z. A. Baharudin. (2021). Characteristics of Diurnal and Nocturnal Lightning Activities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Borneo Journal of Sciences & Technology, 3(1), 43-50. doi:10.3570/bjost.2021.3.1-07
Said, R., Cohen, M., & Inan, U. (2013). Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(13), 6905-6915.
Schumann, C., Saba, M. M. F., Da Silva, R. B. G., & Schulz, W. (2013). Electric fields changes produced by positives cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 92, 37-42.
Shoory, A., Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Moini, R., & Sadeghi, S. H. H. (2009). Analytical expressions for zero-crossing times in lightning return-stroke engineering models. IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility, 51(4), 963-974.
Ushio, T. o., Kawasaki, Z. I., Matsu‐ura, K., & Wang, D. (1998). Electric fields of initial breakdown in positive ground flash. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D12), 14135- 14139.
Wooi, C.-L., Abdul-Malek, Z., Ahmad, N.-A., & El Gayar, A. I. (2016). Statistical analysis of electric field parameters for negative lightning in Malaysia. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 146, 69-80.
Wooi, C.-L., Abdul-Malek, Z., Salimi, B., Ahmad, N. A., Mehranzamir, K., & VahabiMashak, S. (2015). A comparative study on the positive lightning return stroke electric fields in different meteorological conditions. Advances in Meteorology, 2015.
Zhang, Q., Jing, X., Yang, J., Li, D., & Tang, X. (2012). Numerical simulation of the lightning electromagnetic fields along a rough and ocean‐land mixed propagation path. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D20).
Zhang, Q., Yang, J., Jing, X., Li, D., & Wang, Z. (2012). Propagation effect of a fractal rough ground boundary on the lightning-radiated vertical electric field. Atmospheric Research, 104, 202-208.
Zhang, Q., Yang, J., Li, D., & Wang, Z. (2012). Propagation effects of a fractal rough ocean surface on the vertical electric field generated by lightning return strokes. Journal of electrostatics, 70(1), 54-59.
Zhang, Y., Pang, H., Liu, B., Zhang, Q., Song, L., & Lu, X. (2018). Propagation effect of the lightning electric fields along rough sea surface and the effects on ToA-based lightning location systems. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, 57(4), 415-425.